Inquisition 2 - Versionsgeschichte

Lenz: /* Die Inquisition - Eine facettenreiche Institution */

2012-10-04T15:43:49Z

‎Die Inquisition - Eine facettenreiche Institution

Lenz: /* Fazit */

2012-10-04T15:42:53Z

‎Fazit

Lenz: /* Die Römische Inquisition */

2012-10-04T15:34:42Z

‎Die Römische Inquisition

Änderungen zeigen

Lenz am 4. Oktober 2012 um 14:38 Uhr

2012-10-04T14:38:47Z

Lenz am 4. Oktober 2012 um 13:32 Uhr

2012-10-04T13:32:47Z

Änderungen zeigen

Lenz: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „Nach Joe Majerus ==Die Inquisition - Eine facettenreiche Institution == Table of Contents 1.) Introduction (1) 2.) The Medieval Inquisition (2) 3.) The Spanis…“

2012-10-04T12:00:23Z

Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „Nach Joe Majerus ==Die Inquisition - Eine facettenreiche Institution == Table of Contents 1.) Introduction (1) 2.) The Medieval Inquisition (2) 3.) The Spanis…“

Neue Seite

Nach Joe Majerus
==Die Inquisition - Eine facettenreiche Institution ==
Table of Contents
1.) Introduction (1)
2.) The Medieval Inquisition (2)
3.) The Spanish Inquisition (3)
4.) The Portuguese Inquisition (5)
5.) The Roman Inquisition (5)
6.) Conclusion (6)
7.) Bibliography (8)

=== Einleitung ===
Wenn man/frau das Wort "Inquisition" hört, geht bei fast allen Menschen
"die Jalousie herunter". "Inquisition" ist böse, schlecht und gemein.
Die Stasi war ein Scheißdreck dagegen.

Wenn wir klären wollen, was genau die "Inquisition" war (ist) und wenn wir wissen
wollen, in welchem Umfang das schlechte Bild der Inquisition mit der tatsächlichen
Inquisition zusammenhängt, müssen wir zuerst wissen, was das Wort "Inquisition"
eigentlich bedeutet.

Der Name kommt vom lateinischen Wort "inquisitio" und dieses Wort bedeutet "Untersuchung".
Es wird gewöhnlich verwendet für ein Tribunal, das die katholische Kirche einrichtete,
um "Häresie" bzw. abweichende Standpunkte zu untersuchen. [1]
Es gab allerdings keine einzelne universelle "Inquisition", im Laufe der Zeit gab es
vier Institutionen, deren Zuständigkeit jeweils auf ein bestimmtes geographisches Gebiet
beschränkt war. Der Zweck als auch die Methoden der Untersuchung differierten zuweilen
sehr stark, so dass jede dieser vier "Inqusitionen" einen ganz individuellen Charakter
hatte.

Nichtsdestoweniger gibt es gewisse Übereinstimmungen. Die Institutionen
wurden entweder direkt vom "Heiligen Stuhl" gesteuert oder von den lokalen
Bischöfen und Gesandten des Papstes.
Was das Hauptziel der Untersuchungen betrifft, gab es zwei Motivationen:
Das erste Ziel war, die Geständnisse von Häretikern zu erhalten, die angeblich
gegen geltendes Kirchenrecht verstießen und die deswegen gezwungen wurden,
zu büßen, um ihrer Seele das ewige Leben zu retten.
Dies war jedoch eng mit dem zweiten Ziel verbunden, welches hauptsächlich
auf die Einheit und zweifelsfreie Autorität der katholischen Kirche
zielte. Die katholische Kirche tolerierte keine abweichenden Praktiken
und Ideen [2].
Es ist wichtig zu bemerken, daß die Inquisition nicht selber die
Bestrafung der Abweichler vornahm (der Grund war, dass Kirchenleuten
verboten war, Blut zu vergießen), sondern diese der weltlichen
Autorität übergab. [3]
Die Kirche selber bevorzugte sehr den Widerruf des Häretikers gegenüber
der Hinrichtung, weil ein vom Glauben Abgefallener letztlich mit einem
möglichen Versagen von katholischer Lehre und Glauben verbunden werden könnte.
[4].
=== Die mittelalterliche Inquisition ===
Das Hauptgebiet der ersten Inquisition, der "Mittelalterlichen Inquisition"
war das heutige südliche Frankreich und die obere Nordhälfte des jetzigen Italien.
Bereits im späten 12. Jahrhundert wurden kirchliche Untersuchungen durch Papst
Lucius III. initiiert, um den angeblichen Häresien, zum Beispiel durch die
Katharier und die Waldensianer, zu begegnen. [5]
Es war der berüchtigte und gewaltsame Albensinger Kreuzzug,
der zur offiziellen Gründung der ersten Inquisition 1230 führte,
nachdem Papst Gregor IX. die Notwendigkeit einer
kontrollierteren Strafverfolgung erkannt hatte. [6]
Überwacht durch örtliche Bischöfe und ausgeführt von ausgewählten
Kirchenleuten (Mönche), zum Beispiel den Dominikanern [7], entstand eine
Organisation, die gründlich Protokoll führen mußte.
Gleichzeitig setzte der Geltungsbereich nichtsdestoweniger einen
kraftvollen Charakter voraus. Zuerstmal wurde ihnen das Recht
gewährt, das Eigentum von angeklagten Häretikern zu beschlagnahmen;
und natürlich führte allein dies zur Autorität, Häretiker zu
"befragen".
Das erste Ziel dieser Befragungen war es, den Angeklagten dazu zu bringen,
ihre Sünden zu bekennen, um Vergebung zu erhalten.
Um Geständnisse zu erhalten, schreckten die Kirchenautoritäten nicht
davor zurück zu foltern, auch wenn die Methoden der Folter teilweise
eingeschränkt waren (z.B. durfte die Folter nicht zu Tod, Blutverlust
oder Verstümmelung führen); tatsächlich wird das übliche Stereotyp von einem
skrupellosen Inquisitor nur zu einem sehr kleinen Teil von historischen
Dokumenten gestützt. [8]
Überdies reichte der Zwang alleine nicht aus, um ein Geständnis gültig zu
machen. Daher war es notwendig, dass der Angeklagte sein Geständnis später
zu wiederholen hatte. [9]

Ein Widerruf führte gewöhnlich zur Erteilung der Absolution, wohingegen ein
unterbliebenes Geständnis die Exkommunikation und die Übergabe an die
säkulare Gewalt zwecks Hinrichtung nach sich zog.

The
primary object of these questionings was bringing the accused to repent their
2 Kamen, Henry, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision, London 1997, p. 49.
3 Lea, Henry Charles, A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, Cambridge 1988.
4 Mai, Klaus-RM-|diger, Der Vatikan. Geschichte einer Weltmacht im Zwielicht, KM-vln 2010, p. 272.
5 Peters, Edward, Inquisition. New York, 1988 , pp. 43-47.
6 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 50-58.
7 Mai, Der Vatikan, p. 273.
^L
3
A renunciation usually led to the administration of absolution, whereas
failure to confess entailed excommunication and the transfer to the secular
authorities for execution.10. Although the Medieval Inquisition dealt with a
number of local cases like the Catharans, Waldensians and the Beguines, as
well as with some famous trials (Knights Templars, Joanne of Arc),11 its
influence ultimately gradually decreased, so that it had been dissolved in
most areas by the end of the 15th century.
3.) The Spanish Inquisition
The contextual background of the Spanish Inquisition was an
altogether different one. Following the completion of the Reconquista, Spain
witnessed a vast number of conversions of Jews (Marranos) and Muslims
(Moriscos) to Christianity as result of mounting anti-Semitic riots and
persecutions.12 These "New Christians" (Conversos) were, however, labelled
inferior to the "Old" or pure Christians (Limpieza de Sangre). Tensions ran
high between these two groups;13 and so following a papal Bull in 1478 the
Inquisition was officially established.14.Interest turned, however, rather swiftly
to issues primarily involving heresy, most notably the investigation of secret
Jewish practises supposedly conducted by Conversos still loyal to their
8 Infamous men such as Robert le Bourge or Konrad von Marburg rather were the exception, not
least because the Holy See itself usually saw to the eventual dismissal of excessively and
unnecessary violent clergymen. Mai, Der Vatikan, pp. 269-270.
9 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 63-65.
10 Lea, Henry Charles. A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages.
11 Lea, A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, p. 238; p. 338.
12 Mai, Der Vatikan, p. 371.
13 Mainly because many "pure" Spaniards resented the many new rights and privileges the Conversos
had attained since their conversion. Peters, Inquisition, p. 82-84.
14 Peters, Inquisition, p. 85.
^L
4
former faith.15 Supervised by a General-Inquisitor, the Spanish inquisition set
out to persecute in a rather severe manner a large number of suspicious
Conversos16 as well as other people accused of blasphemous behaviour,
diverging religious beliefs or of adhering to a different denomination like
Protestantism.1718
However, the Spanish investigators usually went about their business
by following strikingly thorough and methodical procedures. For one, the
accused was given the chance to repent before the official inquiry
commenced, and an arrest only took place after the collection of incriminating
evidence and the hearing of several witnesses.19 Torture was certainly used,
although on a rather infrequent basis and usually only when there existed
sufficient evidence.20 In general torture mostly served the purpose of a threat
without actually being widely applied.21In Spain the subsequent transfer of the
convicted to the secular authorities was done in the characteristically special
form of a public procession named auto-de-fe ("Act of faith");22 and it was
primarily because of these processions that the Spanish Inquisition later
received its overly violent image, for especially in artistic representations the
auto-de-fe were often linked to torture and burnings at the stake.23 In truth,
however, they were rather some sort of religious ritual, aiming to achieve
public penance of the convicted heretics by guiding them through the streets
while the gathered people were uttering prayers on their behalf.24 Frequently,
there were also church services being held for them, and the actual
executions only took place afterwards.25 Nevertheless these rather uneventful
public showings ultimately managed to leave a lasting and largely distorted
impression with many people.
15 Perez, The Spanish Inquisition: A History, France 2002, p. 27.
16 700 executions alone between 1481 and 1488. Perez, The Spanish Inquisition: A History, p. 27.
17 Peters, Inquisition, p. 86.
18 Whether there actually were a lot of genuine Protestants remains, however, doubtful: for one
because there were only a relatively small number of reformed believers living in Spain at the time
and also because people generally tended to denounce all too readily everyone as a Protestant who
engaged in socially and morally unacceptable doings such as drunkenness or anticlerical
expressions. Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition, p. 98.
19 Perez, Joseph. The Spanish Inquisition: A History, pp. 135- 141.
20 Peters, Inquisition, p. 92
21 Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition, pp. 174-192.
22 Peters, Inquisition, p. 94.
23 Mai, Der Vatikan, p. 372.
24 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 93-94.
25 Recent estimations suggest a total number of 2000 until 1530. Kamen, Henry, The Spanish
Inquisition, p. 74; 192-213.
^L
5
4.) The Portuguese Inquisition
Similar in structure and organisation was the Portuguese Inquisition,
which may perhaps be perceived as some loosely-related, tough independent
branch of the Spanish Inquisition. Officially approved of in 1555 through papal
legitimation, it was likewise run by clergymen of the Catholic Church. Its
principal objective was the persecution and trying of Sephardic Jews after
their expulsion or escape from Spain. Thus the Inquisitors in Portugal also
mainly sought to root out people having converted from Judaism to
Christianity and who were being suspected of not strictly adhering to the
Catholic faith.26 Its approach of dealing with the cases is largely identical to
the Spanish proceedings, with the auto-de-fe here being an important
element of the legal processes as well.27
5.) The Roman Inquisition
The arguably most far-reaching of all Inquisitions was the Roman one,
established in 1542 and which on account of its original purpose of
forestalling the spread of Protestantism eventually was to become an
important instrument of the catholic counter-reformation.28 Organised by a
strict centralised hierarchy (Tribunals, Roman Curia, Congregation) with the
ultimate control and authority resting directly in the hands of the Holy See
itself,29 the Roman Inquisition played an essential role in keeping the
influence of diverging beliefs on the Italian peninsula rather small (compared
to other countries at least).30
Contrary to popular representations, however, the persecution, trial
and execution of alleged witches was conducted by secular authorities of the
time; and the Roman Inquisition itself only increasingly began to investigate
26 All in all 1175 people were executed between 1540 and 1794 following conviction by the
Portuguese Inquisition. Lea, Henry James, A History of the Inquisition of Spain.
27 Lea, Henry James, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, pp. 241-258.
28 Peters, Inquisition, p. 108.
29 Thomsett, Michael, The Inquisition: A History, North Carolina 2010, p. 208.
30 Peters, Inquisition, p. 110.
^L
6
matters involving .magical heresy. from 1600 onwards.31 In addition the main
focus lay in later years foremost on issues such as blasphemous behaviour,
bigamy and apostasy,32 as well as the denunciation of views differing from
established catholic doctrine, of which the trial of Galileo Galilei serves as a
demonstrative example. Accordingly the banning or censoring of various
religious and scientific works also formed an important part of the Inquisition's
field of responsibility.33
In general Inquisitorial investigations were pursued severely and
vigorously, yet they were actually less based on torture and violence than
upon thorough questionings, the collection of evidence as well as a certain
scepticism towards the possible motivation behind an accusation made
against a specific person.34 In general torture was only reverted to in cases in
which there existed abundant evidence; yet even then its use first had to be
approved of by the Holy Office and remained bound to a code of strictly
followed rules and procedures.35 Moreover, the tribunals kept detailed records
of each investigation and even provided the accused with legal
representation during the tria.l36 For more than 300 years the Roman
Inquisition thus looked into a variety of cases, although only a relatively small
number of these actually ended with a death sentence.37
6.) Conclusion
Given the versatile character of the portrayed inquisitions, the question
inevitably arises as to how exactly it came to be that they have since been
regarded as an invariably evil instrument of the Catholic Church. Ultimately,
there certainly are several factors which contributed to this conception, tough
perhaps none bore a greater impact upon popular belief than the Protestant
movement and its occasional instrumentalisation of the Inquisition as the
ultimate evidence of catholic malevolence and repression. Naturally, the
rigorous position of many catholic authorities in not tolerating any other
31 Peters, Inquisition, p. 111.
32 Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History, p. 208.
33 Mai, Der Vatikan, pp. 372-373.
34 Peters, Inquisition, p. 111.
35 Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History, p. 211.
36 Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History, pp. 210-211.
37 Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History, p. 212.
^L
7
denominations aided such a view quite significantly, all the more so since
Protestants were indeed often classified as heretics and persecuted
accordingly; and protestant documents therefore readily portrayed the
Inquisition as an utterly inhumane institution. Just as important, however, is
that the Inquisition was also embedded into the larger political context of the
time, notably by being associated with catholic resistance to religious and
intellectual freedom during the Dutch revolt while also being repeatedly
criticized by such influential figures as William of Orange.38 Finally, Protestant
European Powers usually welcomed unfavourable and potentially
exaggerated depictions of its work as an effective tool for arising anti-Spanish
sentiments (Black Legend).39
Additionally, the Inquisition as a symbol for Catholic intolerance was
also widely promulgated by many famous philosophers (e.g. Voltaire),
thinkers and politicians during the time of the Enlightenment, criticizing in
particular the suppression of scientific research, intellectual and religious
freedom as well as artistic and cultural creativity. Consequently the Inquisition
was often portrayed as a source for social, political and economical unrest;
and so this largely negative conception found its reflection in many
contemporary works of literature and art, with the focus lying in particular on
the atrocities committed by the Catholic Church.40
So was the Inquisition ultimately really as violent and atrocious as it is
often depicted in popular art and culture? Unquestionably torture and forced
coercion were an important part of the respective institutions in dealing with
accusations of various sorts, yet with the emphasis here clearly lying on the
fact that is was after all really only just one element . usually restricted and
infrequently used at that . of the investigation process. Internal hierarchy,
order, procedures and methods of the different Inquisitorial bodies really were
too complex and indeed multi-faceted for them to be solely associated with
terms pertaining to cruelty and death. Far from serving any potentially
apologetic revision of the Inquisition's works, since it was after all responsible
for the unjustified death of thousands of people guilty of no crime other than
sharing different beliefs, a broader and undistorted view of its proceedings is
38 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 133-134/153.
39 Peters, Inquisition, p. 131-144.
40 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 154-156; 189.
^L
8
nevertheless necessary if one aspires to present the overall function and
purpose of the Inquisition truly in compliance with the actual historical facts.
7.) Bibliography
. Kamen, Henry, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision, London 1997.
. Lea, Henry Charles, A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages,
Cambridge 1988.
. Mai, Klaus-RM-|diger, Der Vatikan. Geschichte einer Weltmacht im Zwielicht,
KM-vln 2010.
. Perez, Joseph, The Spanish Inquisition: A History, France 2002.
. Peters, Edward, Inquisition. New York, 1988.
. Thomsett, Michael, The Inquisition: A History, North Carolina 2010.
. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=inquisition (Last accessed on
December 9th, 2010)
^L

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 4. Oktober 2012, 15:42 Uhr
Zeile 238:		Zeile 238:
	wenn jemand vorhat, die Inquisition in Übereinstimmung mit den historischen		wenn jemand vorhat, die Inquisition in Übereinstimmung mit den historischen
	Fakten darzustellen.		Fakten darzustellen.
		+
		+	=== Quellen ===
		+	* 1 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=inquisition (Last accessed on December 9th, 2010)
		+	* 2 Kamen, Henry, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision, London 1997, p. 49.
		+	* 3 Lea, Henry Charles, A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, Cambridge 1988.
		+	* 4 Mai, Klaus-Rüdiger, Der Vatikan. Geschichte einer Weltmacht im Zwielicht, Köln 2010, p. 272.
		+	* 5 Peters, Edward, Inquisition. New York, 1988 , pp. 43-47.
		+	* 6 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 50-58.
		+	* 7 Mai, Der Vatikan, p. 273.
		+	* 8 Mai, Der Vatikan, pp. 269-270.
		+	* 9 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 63-65.
		+	* 10 Lea, Henry Charles. A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages.
		+	* 11 Lea, A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, p. 238; p. 338.
		+	* 12 Mai, Der Vatikan, p. 371.
		+	* 13 Peters, Inquisition, p. 82-84.
		+	* 14 Peters, Inquisition, p. 85.
		+	* 15 Perez, The Spanish Inquisition: A History, France 2002, p. 27.
		+	* 16 Perez, The Spanish Inquisition: A History, p. 27.
		+	* 17 Peters, Inquisition, p. 86.
		+	* 18 Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition, p. 98.
		+	* 19 Perez, Joseph. The Spanish Inquisition: A History, pp. 135- 141.
		+	* 20 Peters, Inquisition, p. 92
		+	* 21 Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition, pp. 174-192.
		+	* 22 Peters, Inquisition, p. 94.
		+	* 23 Mai, Der Vatikan, p. 372.
		+	* 24 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 93-94.
		+	* 25 Kamen, Henry, The Spanish Inquisition, p. 74; 192-213.
		+	* 26 Lea, Henry James, A History of the Inquisition of Spain.
		+	* 27 Lea, Henry James, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, pp. 241-258.
		+	* 28 Peters, Inquisition, p. 108.
		+	* 29 Thomsett, Michael, The Inquisition: A History, North Carolina 2010, p. 208.
		+	* 30 Peters, Inquisition, p. 110.
		+	* 31 Peters, Inquisition, p. 111.
		+	* 32 Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History, p. 208.
		+	* 33 Mai, Der Vatikan, pp. 372-373.
		+	* 34 Peters, Inquisition, p. 111.
		+	* 35 Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History, p. 211.
		+	* 36 Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History, pp. 210-211.
		+	* 37 Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History, p. 212.
		+	* 38 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 133-134/153.
		+	* 39 Peters, Inquisition, p. 131-144.
		+	* 40 Peters, Inquisition, pp. 154-156; 189.
		+
		+	=== Literaturliste ===
		+	* Kamen, Henry, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision, London 1997.
		+	* Lea, Henry Charles, A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, Cambridge 1988.
		+	* Mai, Klaus-Rüdiger, Der Vatikan. Geschichte einer Weltmacht im Zwielicht, Köln 2010.
		+	* Perez, Joseph, The Spanish Inquisition: A History, France 2002.
		+	* Peters, Edward, Inquisition. New York, 1988.
		+	* Thomsett, Michael, The Inquisition: A History, North Carolina 2010.
		+	* http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=inquisition (Last accessed on December 9th, 2010)

@@ Zeile 86: / Zeile 86: @@
 allmählich ab, so daß sie gegen Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts in den meisten
 Gebieten aufgelöst wurde.
 === Die Spanische Inquisition ===

@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
 Nach Joe Majerus
 ==Die Inquisition - Eine facettenreiche Institution ==
 === Einleitung ===
 Wenn man/frau das Wort "Inquisition" hört, geht bei fast allen Menschen